In addition to advances in technology and treatment options, there has also been a growing recognition of the importance of a multidisciplinary approach to complex wound reconstruction. This involves teams of healthcare professionals, including wound care specialists, plastic surgeons, and rehabilitation professionals, working together to develop comprehensive personal treatment plans for individual patients. Despite these advances, the clinical assessment and management of chronic wounds remain challenging owing to their long-term treatment regimens and complex wound healing mechanism. Various conventional approaches including cell therapy, gene therapy, growth factor delivery, wound dressings, and skin grafts are being utilized to promote healing in different types of wounds. However, such therapies are not satisfactory for all wound types, which creates a need to develop newer and innovative treatments. In recent years, innovative wound healing technologies have made progress and continue to evolve. These include stem cell therapies, bioengineered skin grafts, and 3D bioprinting, which all focus on skin regeneration with minimal side effects. According to a 2023 report by Tracxn, a MedTech research platform, globally there are ~580 companies producing wound care offerings.
A fast-growing global market
Wound reconstruction is a large and rapidly growing segment of the medical technology industry. According to a 2022 Fortune Business Insights report, the global advanced wound care market is projected to grow from ~US$11bn in 2021 to ~US$16bn in 2028 at a CAGR of ~5.7% in forecast period. Its expansion is driven by several factors, including: (i) an aging global population: ~10% of the world’s ~8bn people are ≥65 years and this age group is expected to increase to ~17% by 2050. Older adults are more prone to chronic wounds due to decreased skin elasticity, poor circulation, and other factors, (ii) increasing worldwide prevalence of chronic wounds such as diabetic foot ulcers, venous leg ulcers, and pressure ulcers, (iii) advances in wound care technologies, including growth factors, stem cell therapies, biomaterials, and regenerative medicine approaches, (iv) increasing healthcare spending: governments and healthcare systems throughout the world are investing more in advanced wound care, and (v) increased public awareness of the importance of wound healing.
Significant regional markets
Advanced wound reconstruction markets vary in different regions of the world. Currently, North America is the largest, and expected to be valued at ~US$5bn by 2027, followed by Europe, which is currently valued >US$3bn with a projected 4.2% CAGR over the next four years. Here we draw attention to emerging markets of the Asia Pacific, Middle East and Africa (MEA) and South America regions. The Asia-Pacific region has substantial growth potential particularly in India, China, and Southeast Asia. These regions have vast, aging populations, governments increasing healthcare expenditure, high incidence of chronic diseases, and a rising awareness of the importance of wound care among large and rapidly growing middle classes. In China (population >1.4bn), for instance, the wound reconstruction market is expected to grow significantly driven by: (i) an aging population - by 2040, ~402m people, (28% of the population) are expected to be >60 years, (ii) national efforts to improve healthcare infrastructure, (iii) increasing investment in medical research, and (iv) rising incidence of chronic diseases that require wound management. India (population ~1.4bn), is also a substantial potential market with a growing demand for advanced wound care solutions, increasing healthcare expenditure, and a rising number of government initiatives to improve healthcare services. Southeast Asia, which includes Indonesia (population ~280m), Malaysia (population >32m), Thailand (population >70m) and Vietnam(population ~100m), also represent significant growth potential for the wound reconstruction market. The Middle East and Africa (MEA) region is expected to have substantial growth potential for wound healing due to increasing medical management expenditure, improving healthcare infrastructure, and a rising number of government initiatives to improve wound care. Although this region is a diverse and complex healthcare market, there are several countries within it with significant growth potential for wound care. For instance, in the Middle East, the United Arab Emirates (population ~9.5m) is a wealthy market with a rapidly developing healthcare infrastructure, increasing demand for advanced wound healing solutions, and a high prevalence of diabetes-related wounds. Saudi Arabia too is a substantial potential market, driven by a large and growing population (~36m), increasing healthcare expenditure, and rising awareness of the importance of wound care management. In Africa, South Africa (population >61m) has a large and advanced healthcare system, increasing demand for complex wound care solutions, and a high prevalence of diabetes-related wounds. South America is expected to experience significant growth in the wound reconstruction market, driven by increasing awareness of its importance, rising demand for advanced wound recovery solutions, and a growing number of government initiatives. Several countries in the region have substantial market growth potential, including: (i) Brazil, the largest economy in the region, with a population of ~217m and high incident rates of chronic wounds, (ii) Argentina (population >46m), which has a large healthcare sector and a growing demand for advanced wound care products and services, and (iii) Colombia, with a growing economy and a large population (>52m), is emerging as a key regional player in wound care solutions and services.
Leveraging opportunities in emerging markets
Many Western MedTechs are ill equipped to leverage the opportunities in emerging regions of the world with underserved, growing advanced wound care markets. North America and Europe account for ~55% of the global medical technology market and provide the largest share of MedTechs’ revenues. It is in these wealthy regions that most company executives have spent most of their professional careers and therefore have had little or no in-country experience of emerging economies. For decades, North American and European healthcare systems rewarded medical activity rather than patient outcomes and this drove high growth rates, significant profit margins, and industry expansion without much risk or in-depth strategic thinking. Such conditions, complemented by substantial periods of low interest rates and cheap money, encouraged the financialization of the medical technology industry: companies used mergers and acquisitions (M&A) to pursue scale and consequently became bigger but not necessarily better. Today, the ten largest medical device corporations account for >40% of the sales in a global market of ~US$490bn. The market has become an oligopoly, which emphasizes size and tends to blunt competition. Although such conditions are changing and having international experience, a global mindset, and R&D knowhow are increasingly valued, there is still a significant reliance on legacy products marketed predominantly in wealthy Western nations. Even now, relatively few company leaders have had in-depth experience of emerging regions of the world, where differences in language, competition, regulations, and culture create barriers to their ability to understand and navigate the nuances of these markets.
Wound healing technologies
The development of new wound healing technologies is an area of active R&D in the medical device industry, which aim to accelerate the healing process and improve outcomes for patients. Here we provide a flavour of these.
(i) Growth factors and cytokines
A promising area of research to stimulate wound healing is the use of growth factors and cytokines. These are naturally occurring proteins in the body that play a key role in the healing process. Researchers are exploring ways to use these proteins in wound care products to promote tissue regeneration and accelerate wound repair. There are several MedTechs with offerings in this area. UK based Smith & Nephew markets a range of wound healing products, including biologic agents that contain growth factors and cytokines. The company’s REGRANEX Gel, which contains recombinant platelet-derived growth factors (PDGF), received FDA approval in 1997, and is used to treat diabetic neuropathic foot ulcers. Acelity, a Texas-based privately held company founded in 1976, manufactures and markets several advanced wound care products, including biologic agents that contain growth factors and cytokines. The company’s VAC VeraFlo Therapy with Prontosan, received CE Mark in 2017 and combines negative pressure wound therapy [a method of drawing out fluid and infection from a wound to help it heal] with a solution that contains cytokines and growth factors to help promote wound healing. Nasdaq traded Integra LifeSciences develops and markets wound healing products. The Integra Flowable Wound Matrix contains growth factors and is used to treat chronic wounds. Osiris Therapeutics, founded in 1993 and based in Maryland, USA, specializes in regenerative medicine and has a range of products to promote wound healing, including Grafix, a human placental membrane that contains growth factors and cytokines. NYSE traded MedTech, Stryker markets numerous advanced wound care products, including biologic agents that contain growth factors and cytokines. Its key product in this area is MIST Therapy, which is a painless, non-contact, low-frequency ultrasound treatment delivered through a saline mist containing cytokines and growth factors to promote wound healing. Challenges Growth factors and cytokines are proteins that are produced naturally by the body. Replicating their production in a laboratory setting can be challenging and result in high production costs and thereby limit their accessibility and affordability. Also, these molecules are quickly broken down and cleared from wound sites, which limits their effectiveness to promote healing. Developing methods to increase their stability and longevity is crucial to improving their efficacy. While growth factors and cytokines have shown promise in preclinical studies, clinical trials have not always demonstrated consistent benefits in wound healing, and this raises some concerns about their potential for adverse effects such as allergic reactions or immune system activation. The success of these molecules in promoting wound healing depends on their ability to effectively interact with a complex network of cells in a precise and targeted manner, which can be challenging to achieve.
(ii) Stem Cells
In recent years, stem cell-based therapies for wound healing and skin regeneration have garnered much interest owing to their potential to morph into different types of cells that promote tissue regeneration and accelerate wound healing. Researchers are exploring the use of various types, such as mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) [multipotent stem cells found in bone marrow]; adipose (body fat)-derived stem cells (ASCs), [a subset of MSCs, which can be obtained easily from adipose tissues and possess many of the same regenerative properties as other MSCs], and pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) [cells that can develop into many different types of cells or tissues in the body]. These present the main sources of stem cells that are utilized for wound healing and skin regeneration. While there are many products on the market, the leading MedTechs using stem cells for wound healing include Acelity, whose flagship offering is the RECELL Autologous Cell Harvesting Device, which uses patients’ skin cells to promote healing in chronic wounds and burn injuries. Organogenesis’s Apligraf, mentioned above, contains stem cells. Integra LifeSciences’s Dermal Regeneration Template, also mentioned above, is a matrix of bovine collagen and glycosaminoglycan molecules that contains autologous stem cells [stem cells removed from a person, stored, and later given back to the same person] to promote tissue regeneration. And Smith & Nephew’s PICO Single Use Negative Pressure Wound Therapy System, which uses a proprietary dressing with stem cells to promote healing in chronic wounds. Challenges Despite stem cell-based therapies being common and effective for the promotion of wound healing, there are challenges associated with their source, genetic instability, potential immunogenicity, risks of infection and carcinogenesis and high processing costs. Stem cells are a complex and heterogeneous population of cells that are sensitive to their environment, and replicating their production in a laboratory can be technically demanding and costly. They have the potential to differentiate into various cell types and promote tissue regeneration, but if not appropriately controlled, they can form tumours. Developing methods to ensure the safety and efficacy of stem cell-based therapies and minimising the risk of tumour formation are crucial to their future impact on the wound care market.
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